När skrevs ramayana ner

It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal husband, and the ideal king. Its most important moral influence was the importance of virtue, in the life of a citizen and in the ideals of the formation of a state from Sanskrit : रामराज्य , romanized : Rāmarājya , a utopian state where Rama is king or of a functioning society.

The other meaning, which can be found in the Mahabharata , is 'pleasing, pleasant, charming, lovely, beautiful'.

Den hinduiska episka Ramayana

The Ramayana was an important influence on later Sanskrit poetry and the Hindu life and culture, and its main characters were fundamental to the cultural consciousness of a number of nations, both Hindu and Buddhist. Thus, Rāmāyaṇa means "Rama's journey", with ayana altered to ayaṇa due to the Sanskrit grammar rule of internal sandhi. He teaches his poem to the boys Lava and Kuśa, who recite it throughout the land and eventually at the court of king Rāma, which then begins the main narrative.

The epic, traditionally ascribed to the Maharishi Valmiki , narrates the life of Rama , a prince of Ayodhya in the kingdom of Kosala. That is what the U-K does.

Gjordes det i rama

In its extant form, Valmiki's Ramayana is an epic poem of some 24, verses, divided into seven kāṇḍa s Bālakāṇḍa , Ayodhyakāṇḍa, Araṇyakāṇḍa, Kiṣkindakāṇḍa, Sundarākāṇḍa , Yuddhakāṇḍa, Uttarakāṇḍa , and about sargas chapters. The genre also includes teachings on the goals of human life. Daśaratha was the King of Ayodhyā. The epic follows his fourteen-year exile to the forest urged by his father King Dasharatha , on the request of Rama's stepmother Kaikeyi ; his travels across forests in the Indian subcontinent with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana ; the kidnapping of Sita by Ravana , the king of Lanka , that resulted in war; and Rama's eventual return to Ayodhya along with Sita to be crowned king amidst jubilation and celebration.

The name Rāmāyaṇa is composed of two words, Rāma and ayaṇa.

The Ramayana text has several regional renderings, recensions, and sub-recensions. Scholarly estimates for the earliest stage of the available text range from the 7th to 4th centuries BCE, [5] [6] with later stages extending up to the 3rd century CE. Books two to six are the oldest portion of the epic, while the first and last books Balakanda and Uttara Kanda , respectively seem to be later additions.

According to Robert P. Goldman , the oldest parts of the Ramayana date to the mid- 8th century BCE. The text also mentions Ayodhya as the capital of Kosala , rather than its later name of Saketa or the successor capital of Shravasti. The Ramayana belongs to the genre of Itihasa , narratives of past events purāvṛtta , which includes the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, and the Puranas.

Ramayana - Wikipedia

The scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th to 4th centuries BCE, [5] [6] and later stages extending up to the 3rd century CE, [7] although original date of composition is unknown. There are many versions of Ramayana in Indian languages, besides Buddhist , Sikh and Jain adaptations. He had three wives: Kausalyā, Kaikeyī, and Sumitrā. There has been discussion as to whether the first and the last volumes Bala Kanda and Uttara Kanda of Valmiki's Ramayana were composed by the original author.

He did not have a son and in the desire to have a legal heir performs a fire sacrifice known as Putrīyā Iṣṭi. Since Rama was revered as a dharmatma, his ideas seen in the Ramayana proper cannot be replaced by new ideas as to what dharma is, except by claiming that he himself adopted those new ideas. Rāma , the name of the main character of the epic, has two contextual meanings. Style differences and narrative contradictions between these two volumes and the rest of the epic have led scholars since Hermann Jacobi to the present toward this consensus.

It is also thought that the Uttara Kanda is a direct contradiction in terms of how Rama and Dharma is portrayed in the rest of the epic. The epic begins with the sage Vālmīki asking Nārada if there is a righteous man still left in the world, to which Nārada replies that such a man is Rāma. Though Balakanda is sometimes considered in the main epic, according to many Uttarakanda is certainly a later interpolation and thus is not attributed to the work of Maharishi Valmiki.

Like the Mahabharata , Ramayana presents the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in the narrative allegory , interspersing philosophical and ethical elements. The uttarākāṇḍa, the bālakāṇḍa, although frequently counted among the main ones, is not a part of the original epic. The U-K attributes both actions to Rama, whom people acknowledged to be righteous and as a model to follow.

Textual scholar Robert P. Goldman differentiates two major regional revisions: the northern n and the southern s. Parameswaran states that the adaptation in societal values such as the positions of women and Shudras in society shows that the Uttara Kanda is a later insertion rather than part of the original epic. It embodies the new ideas in two stories that are usually referred to as Sita-parityaga, the abandonment of Sita after Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya and Rama was consecrated as king and Sambuka-vadha, the killing of the ascetic Sambuka.

Scholar Romesh Chunder Dutt writes that "the Ramayana , like the Mahabharata , is a growth of centuries, but the main story is more distinctly the creation of one mind. By masquerading as an additional kanda of the Ramayana composed by Valmiki himself, the U-K succeeded, to a considerable extent, in sabotaging the values presented in Valmiki's Ramayana. After seeing two birds being shot, Vālmīki creates a new form of metre called śloka , and then is granted the ability to compose an epic poem about Rāma.

In the Atharvaveda , it means 'dark, dark-coloured, black' and is related to the word rātri which means 'darkness or stillness of night'. A Times of India report dated 18 December informs about the discovery of a 6th-century manuscript of the Ramayana at the Asiatic Society library, Kolkata.